Introduction to Window and Door Knowledge – A Detailed Guide to Classifying Windows and Doors
Release date:
2025-09-01
Every home has windows, and each one is unique—different not only in size but also in how they open. So, how exactly are doors and windows categorized? Let’s explore and explain it together.
Based on their opening mechanisms, windows can be divided into several types: fixed windows, casement windows, horizontal pivot windows, vertical pivot windows, and sliding windows, among others.
1. Fixed Windows
Fixed windows cannot be opened and typically do not have movable sashes—instead, the glass is securely embedded into the window frame. Occasionally, to achieve a consistent facade appearance with other types of windows, a sash may be installed, though it remains permanently fixed to the frame. These windows serve primarily for natural lighting and providing views, making them ideal for spaces where ventilation is not a priority. Because the sash is fixed in place, the glass area can be slightly larger compared to operable windows.
2. Casement Windows
Casement windows have hinges installed on one side of the window sash, connecting it to the window frame. Like casement doors, they come in single- and double-sash versions and can open inward or outward. With their simple construction, casement windows are easy to manufacture and install, offering excellent airflow and ventilation—making them the most widely used window type.
3. Horizontal Pivot Windows: Depending on the position of the pivot axis, horizontal pivot windows are classified into top-hung, center-hung, and bottom-hung types. Top- and center-hung windows are particularly effective for ventilation and rain protection when used in exterior windows, and they’re also commonly employed as transom windows above doors and windows. Bottom-hung windows, however, are used less frequently.
4. Top-Hung Swivel Window
The pivot axis of the top-hung swivel window is located midway between the upper and lower mullions, allowing the window sash to rotate vertically. This type of window offers excellent ventilation and rain protection, and the sash is easy to clean. However, it has a complex construction and relatively poor performance in preventing rainwater leakage, which is why it’s not widely used.
5. Sliding Windows Sliding windows come in two main types: top-and-bottom sliding and left-and-right sliding. While these windows don’t take up much space when opened, their ventilation area is relatively small. Additionally, wooden sliding windows can be difficult to operate because they tend to be heavier. Today, aluminum alloy and plastic sliding windows are widely used instead.
Depending on the materials used, windows can be categorized into several types, including wood windows, steel windows, aluminum alloy windows, fiberglass windows, and plastic windows.
1. Wooden windows are a common window type. They offer advantages such as lightweight construction, simple manufacturing, easy maintenance, and excellent sealing performance. However, wood can expand and contract with changes in weather, sometimes making it difficult to open and close the window, and it also consumes significant amounts of timber. Additionally, wood is susceptible to insect damage and decay, making it less durable over time compared to steel windows.
2. Steel Windows Steel windows are divided into two types: hollow-web and solid-web. Like steel doors, steel windows share similar characteristics. Compared to wooden windows, steel windows are more robust and durable, fire-resistant, moisture-proof, and have a smaller cross-section. Additionally, steel windows offer significantly higher light transmission—about 160% that of wood windows—though they also come at a higher cost than their wooden counterparts.
3. Aluminum Alloy Windows: In addition to the advantages of steel windows, aluminum alloy windows offer excellent sealing, are highly resistant to rust and corrosion, eliminate the need for paint maintenance, boast a sleek and attractive appearance, and provide superior decorative appeal. However, they come at a higher cost and are typically used in buildings with higher architectural standards.
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